Incorporated by the Virginia Assembly in 1786, the Alexandria Academy was located in George Washington’s home community of Alexandria, Virginia. Washington contributed significantly to the Academy during his life and with provisions in his will.1 In his life time, he advised its Board of Trustees with his vision for the establishment, which included free education for some of the community's poor.
The Alexandria Academy building is a three-story brick structure, located to this day on the east side of South Washington Street, between Wolfe and Wilkes Streets. The Alexandria Lodge of Freemasons, led at the time by Robert Adam, laid the cornerstone of the building on September 7, 1785. The academy appointed thirteen interim trustees (including George Washington) until annual elections could begin in 1788.
A separate school operated on each of the three floors of the Academy. The first floor held the English School that taught grammar, writing, arithmetic, and physical sciences to paying students. The second floor held the Learned Language School, which taught classical Latin and Greek to paying students. The Free School was on the third floor, where similar skills were taught as on the first floor for technical purposes. A predecessor of the public school system, the Free School provided education at no cost to orphans and poor children, including some white girls. Washington took an especially active interest in supporting the mission of the Free School. In a letter to the Trustees of the Alexandria Academy, dated December 17, 1785, Washington laid out his wishes for the institution to educate orphan children and those whose parents could not provide for an education. To an extent, he supported the education of girls at the Academy “in a ratio not to exceed one girl for four boys,” in order to ensure the number of girls did not outnumber boys.2
Washington made an annual commitment to the Academy of 50 pounds for the purpose of education, but consented that the monies could be used for clothing or other needs, if the Trustees felt it was appropriate. His annual contribution to the Academy generally covered the expenses of twenty students.3 He requested that the names and grades of the students whom he funded, so he could follow their progress.4 In 1789, John V. Weylie, just one of the many benefactors of Washington’s generosity, wrote a letter thanking him for providing for his and others’ educations: “[F]or your Generosity to Which I owe for my Learning I Might have remained without any all My life But since You have been so Bountiful to The Poor Inhabitants of this town As to set up a free School for the benefit of the poor Children Whose Parents were not able to Give them a proper Education.”5
In his last will and testament, Washington directed a gift of four thousand dollars, or 20 shares of stock in the Bank of Alexandria, to the Academy upon his death in 1799. It was one of three educational institutions to receive benefits in Washington’s will, the other two being Liberty Hall Academy (present-day Washington and Lee University) and a national university (present-day George Washington University).
Several notable students attended the Alexandria Academy. In 1785, Washington removed two of the sons of his deceased brother Samuel, George Steptoe Washington and Lawrence Augustine Washington, from Georgetown Academy to attend the Alexandria Academy. In 1803, Dolley Madison, the wife of then Secretary of State James Madison, enrolled her son, Payne Todd, in the Academy. Robert E. Lee also attended the Academy from 1820 to 1823.
After the War of 1812, the original Free School supported by Washington moved to a Georgetown location, and an association of free African Americans briefly founded a new Free School on the third floor of the Alexandria Academy building. However in 1830, the Virginia state legislature banned the education of African Americans whether freed or enslaved. During the Civil War, following the Union occupation of Alexandria in May 1861, the Academy building again housed a free school for the children of free African Americans, as well as a Freedmen’s Hospital and School.
In 1884, the Alexandria Academy became a part of the Alexandria Public School System and was used as a school and administrative facility for nearly a century. In 1995, the Historic Alexandria Foundation (HAF) purchased the building from the City of Alexandria and raised $1.2 million to be used for its restoration. In the twenty-first century, the building has continued to be used for education through leases to Alexandria cultural and educational institutions.
William Serverian
George Washington University
Notes:
1. “George Washington’s Last Will and Testament, 9 July 1799,”Founders Online, National Archives.
2. “George Washington to William Brown, 30 June 1786,” The Papers of George Washington Digital Edition. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Rotunda, 2008. Original source: Confederation Series (1 January 1784–23 September 1788), Volume 4 (2 April 1786–31 January 1787).
3. “George Washington to Trustees of the Alexandria Academy, 17 December 1785,” The Papers of George Washington Digital Edition. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Rotunda, 2008. Original source: Confederation Series (1 January 1784–23 September 1788), Volume 3 (19 May 1785–31 March 1786).
4. “George Washington To James Muir, 24 February 1794,” The Papers of George Washington Digital Edition. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Rotunda, 2008. Original source: Presidential Series (24 September 1788–3 March 1797), Volume 15 (1 January–30 April 1794).
5. “George Washington From John V. Weylie, 11 March 1789," The Papers of George Washington Digital Edition. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Rotunda, 2008. Original source: Presidential Series (24 September 1788–3 March 1797), Volume 1 (24 September 1788–31 March 1789).
Bibliography:
Eaves, Robert Wendell. “A History of the Educational Developments of Alexandria, Virginia, Prior to 1860.” The William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine 16, no. 2 (1936): 112–61.
Fraser, Flora. The Washingtons: George and Martha Partners in Friendship and Love, First Anchor Books, 2016, 356.
Madison, Robert L. Walking with Washington: Walking Tours of Alexandria, Virginia: Featuring over 100 Sites Associated with George Washington. Baltimore, MD: Gateway, 2003.
Moore, Gay Montague. Seaport in Virginia; George Washington's Alexandria. Richmond: Garrett and Massie, 1949. 25-27.
National Park Service. “National Register of Historic Places, Multiple Property Documentation Form: African American Historic Resources of Alexandria, Virginia.” Section E, Page 9-10. March 1992.
